The Ferruginous Hawk is a large, long-winged buteo of the open, arid grasslands and shrub steppe country of the interior parts of North America. It occurs in a light and dark color phase with the latter being much less common in general. It's hunting and flight behavior is suggestive of a Golden Eagle and it survives primarily on small to medium-sized mammals and less so on birds. Although flexible in choosing a nest site and exhibiting a high reproductive potential, this bird's restriction to natural grasslands on the breeding grounds and specialized predation on mammals persecuted on rangelands may make conservation a continuous concern. It is migratory in the northern parts of its range but can be found year round in the mid and southwest United States. At times it has been considered threatened, endangered, or of concern on various threatened species lists but recent population increases in local areas, coupled with conservation initiatives, have created some optimism about the bird's future.
SIZE
This is the largest of the buteos and is often mistaken for an eagle due to its size, proportions and behavior. References are inconsistent in reporting the dimensions of this hawk, but all agree that the sexes overlap and the females average larger than the males. Reported length measurements range from 20 to 26 inches (51 to 66 centimeters) with an average of 23 inches (58 centimeters); wingspans from 48 to 60 inches (122 to 152 centimeters) with an average of 56 inches (142 centimeters); and weights from 2.2 to 4.5 pounds (998 to 2,041 grams). The average weight for females from some references was 2.8 pounds (1.270 grams), and for males it was 2.3 pounds (1.043 grams). References do not distinguish genders for some measurements.
MORPHS AND MOLTS
There are two basic color morphs recognized. The adult light-morph is light-headed with rich reddish-browns and blacks on the upper body surface, and a white underbody with reddish flanks and reddish markings on the underwing surface. The adult dark morph is dark-headed with dark upperparts and an all dark belly and underparts. The underparts of the wing are two-toned, with the dark axillars and coverts contrasting with the silvery white primaries and secondaries. There is some variability within the morphs and individuals will interbreed freely. Some populations may have more dark morphs than others. Overall, it appears that dark morphs range from three to 30 percent of a population. The average for North America has been suggested at 10 percent or less of the population being comprised of dark-morph birds.
The juvenile plumage is retained throughout the first winter and into the following spring / summer. By the second fall, the bird molts directly into full adult plumage. By the second spring, most birds should have full adult plumage. Subsequent molts of the adults occur between spring and fall and their appearance remains consistent.
SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION
Adult Light-morph - Perched
Note that the male and female are essentially identical except for size.
HEAD
- variable, but often appearing pale with brown to cinnamon longitudinal streaking which may be more extensive in some birds
- top of head dark brown with rufous to creamy streaks
- the nape or back region of the head is lightish
- the side of the head is white with no dark malar stripe, but a dark streak extends behind the eye
- the side of the face can have varying amounts of reddish to brown streaking
- the throat is white
- the beak is very dark bluish
- the cere is yellow to orange yellow; a large yellow gape is evident
- the eye is light yellow
BODY
- the breast is whitish, grading into pale reddish brown on the lower sides and belly
- the abdomen, sides and flanks have wavy, rusty cross barring
- the undertail coverts are white
- the thighs and tarsal feathering are deep rufous/rusty with black cross barring
- the upperparts are dark brown with rufous markings that extend over the wing coverts so as to give an overall "ferruginous" appearance
WINGS
- the coverts are bright orange-cinnamon/rufous with dark centers
- the secondaries and inner primaries are deep gray while the outer primaries are white on the inner webs and deep gray on the outer webs
- the wing tips almost reach the tip of the tail on perched birds
TAIL
- the upper coverts are bright orange-cinnamon to rusty
- the tail feathers vary from whitish to neutral gray, washed and/or flecked with rust and gray
- the amount of gray and rufous wash varies between individuals
- the tail is unbanded
LEGS
- legs are feathered to the toes
- legs and feet are yellow and the talons are black
Immature Light-morph - Perched
HEAD
- can appear quite light, especially in the forehead area which is white with very dark streaks
- otherwise similar patterns to adults with dark streak behind the eye
- the beak is black, grading to olive-gray near the base and with a yellow gape
- the cere is yellow
- the eye is brownish-yellow
BODY
- the underparts are essentially clean white with a rufous wash extending from the throat onto the breast
- this rufous "bloom" disappears by the first fall of life
- occasional grayish-brown spotting occurs on the sides and flanks, belly often like Red-tailed Hawk
- the thigh and tarsal feathering is white and not rufous as in adults, and may be spotted with dark feathers
- the upperparts and back are dark brown with less cinnamon than in adults
WINGS
- generally the upper wing coverts are dark brown
TAIL
- medium grayish with about four transverse, darker bands and a white tip, but degree of barring may be variable
- white base to tail, inner one-third to one-quarter of tail is white
- the rufous coloring is lacking
LEGS
- legs feathered to the toes; tarsus feathering heavily spotted to dusky
- the legs and feet are dull yellow with dark talons
SIMILAR SPECIES
In size and behavior, the Ferruginous Hawk is the buteo which most closely resembles the Golden Eagle, but it is smaller and differs quite dramatically in plumage in both color phases. Depending upon viewing conditions and lighting, it could be mistaken for a number of other buteos if the observer was only looking at gross patterns and ignoring size or other combinations of features. Some features of the Ferruginous Hawk similar to the same features in other species are as follows:
dihedral wing posture,
- Swainson's Hawk, Rough-legged Hawk, and Turkey Vulture
dark body, dark underwing,
- all dark buteos
long, broad wings,
- Golden Eagle
hovering behavior,
- Osprey and Rough-legged Hawk
Some races of Red-tailed Hawk have similarities that could cause confusion. Differences occur in wing and tail patterns.
OTHER NAMES
The Ferruginous Hawk is also known as the "Ferruginous Rough-leg", "Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk", "Chap Hawk", "Gopher Hawk", "Prairie Eagle", "Squirrel Hawk", and "Ferrugy."
ETYMOLOGY
The genus name Buteo is Latin for "buzzard", which is an early name for hawks and vultures. It is allied with the Greek "buzo" which means "to hoot". This has little relevance to the calls of any diurnal birds of prey. The specific name regalis is Latin for "regal" or "royal", but the name comes from the location in Mexico where this species was first found and described. Real del Monte is the locale, and "Real" is Spanish for "royal." Ferruginous refers to the rusty-red colors and stems from the Latin "ferrugo" or "rust." The word "hawk" has its origins from the Teutonic base "hab", which ultimately led to the Middle English derivative "hauk." Hab meant "to seize or hold."
MYTHOLOGY
None is known for North America.
VOICE
The voice is not well-described in literature. Alarm calls consist of "kree - a" or "ke - ah" and harsh "kaah, kaah" calls. The latter resembling some vocalizations of the Herring Gull. One description referred to the "wavering" alarm call and "breathy" notes while other authors describe screams similar to those of the Red-tailed Hawk